Atherosclerosis
Volume 195, Issue 1 , Pages 1-6 , November 2007

To statin or to non-statin in coronary disease—considering absolute risk is the answer

  • Christopher M. Rembold

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding address: Box 801395, Cardiovascular Division, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1395, USA. Tel.: +1 434 924 2825; fax: +1 434 243 0014.

Received 10 May 2006 ,Revised 16 August 2006 ,Accepted 13 September 2006.

References 

  1. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters D, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1425–1435
  2. Pedersen EB, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, et al. High-dose atorvastatin vs. usual dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2005;294:2437–2445
  3. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267–1278
  4. Sacks HS, Berrier J, Reitman D, Ancona-Berk VA, Chalmers TC. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:450–455
  5. McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Using numerical results from systematic reviews in clinical practice. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:712–720
  6. MRC working party. Medical research council trial in the treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. Br Med J. 1992;304:405–412
  7. Rembold CM. A number needed to treat (NNT) analysis of the prevention of myocardial infarction and death by dyslipidemic therapy. J Fam Prac. 1996;42:577–586
  8. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383–1389
  9. The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Diseaese (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1349–1357
  10. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1001–1009
  11. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleight P, Peto R. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7–22
  12. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:685–696
  13. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301–1307
  14. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels—results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA. 1998;279:1615–1622
  15. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1623–1630
  16. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1149–1158
  17. Delorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, et al. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1994;343:1454–1459
  18. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction—final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation. 1999;99:779–785
  19. Buchwald H POSCH group. Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:946–955
  20. Valagussa F, Franzosi MG, Geraci E, et al. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and Vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet. 1999;354:447–455
  21. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:410–418
  22. Coronary Drug Project Research Group. Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1975;231:360–381
  23. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, Mccabe CH, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1495–1504
  24. de Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Wiviott SD, et al. Early intensive vs. a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes—phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA. 2004;292:1307–1316
  25. Barter P, Kastelein J, Nunn A, Hobbs R. High density lipoproteins (HDLs) and atherosclerosis; the unanswered questions. Atherosclerosis. 2003;168:195–211
  26. Anonymous The Framingham Study. The epidemiology of atherosclerotic disease. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1980;
  27. Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD, et al. Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high-levels of apolipoprotein-B. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1289–1298
  28. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1583–1592
  29. Zhao XQ, Yuan C, Hatsukami TS, et al. Effects of prolonged intensive lipid-lowering therapy on the characteristics of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in vivo by MRI—a case-control study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:1623–1629
  30. Whitney EJ, Krasuski RA, Personius BE, et al. A randomized trial of a strategy for increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: Effects on progression of coronary heart disease and clinical events. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:95–104

☆ There was no funding for this project.

PII: S0021-9150(06)00554-5

doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.09.009

Atherosclerosis
Volume 195, Issue 1 , Pages 1-6 , November 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution