Atherosclerosis
Volume 195, Issue 1 , Pages e167-e171 , November 2007

Hypercholesterolemia is associated with visual field alterations detectable with computerized perimetry

  • Antonio Alcalá

      Affiliations

    • Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Correspondence address: C/Liborio García 8 2°, 29005 Málaga, Spain. Tel.: +34 952 213370; fax: +34 952 221253.
  • ,
  • Sergio Jansen

      Affiliations

    • Unidad de Lípidos, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Infanta Margarita, Cabra, Córdoba, Spain
  • ,
  • Michael E. Farkouh

      Affiliations

    • The Mount Sinai Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, USA
  • ,
  • Miguel Morell

      Affiliations

    • Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Spain

Received 22 August 2006 ,Revised 26 December 2006 ,Accepted 17 January 2007.

References 

  1. Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation. 1998;97:1837–1847
  2. Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD. Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continous and graded? Findings in 356, 222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA. 1986;256:2823–2828
  3. Han X. Lipid alterations in the earliest clinically recognizable stage of Alzheimer's disease: implication of the role of lipids in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2005;2:65–77
  4. Lukiw WJ, Pappolla M, Pelaez RP, Bazan NG. Alzheimer's disease—a dysfunction in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2005;25:475–483
  5. Shobab LA, Hsiung GY, Feldman HH. Cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2005;12:841–852
  6. Menge T, Hartung HP, Stüve O. Statins- a cure-all for the brain?. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6:325–331
  7. Masse I, Bordet R, Deplanque D, et al. Lipid lowering agents are associated with a slower cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1624–1629
  8. Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Perception of motion, depth and form. In:  Kandel ER,  Schwartz JH,  Jessell TM editor. Principles of Neural Science. New York: Elsevier Science; 1991;p. 446–447
  9. Alcalá A, Morell M, Rius F. El análisis computerizado cromático es un predictor precoz de riesgo cardiovascular asociado a hipercolesterolemia. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2001;54:1417–1425
  10. Whalen W, Spaeth M. Computerized visual fields. In:  Whalen W,  Spaeth M editor. What They are and How to Use Them. vol. 7:New York: De Slack incorporated; 1985;p. 241–243
  11. Sample PA, Johnson CA, Haegerstrom-Portnoy G, Adams AJ. Optimum parameters for short-wavelength automated perimetry. J Glaucoma. 1996;5:375–383
  12. Reitner A, Tittl M, Ergun E, Baradaran-Dilmaghani R. The efficient use of perimetry for neuro-ophthalmic diagnosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:903–905
  13. Wild JM, Dengler-Harles M, Searle AE, ÓNeill EC, Crews SJ. The influence of the learning effect on automated perimetry in patients with suspected glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1990;68:681–686
  14. Olsson J, Bengtsson B, Heijl A, Rootzen H. An improved method to estimate frequency of false positive answers in computerized perimetry. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1997;75:181–183
  15. Heijl A, Lindgren G, Olsson J. The effect of perimetric experience in normal subjects. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:81–86
  16. Allain CC, Poons LS, Chang CS, Ricmond W. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin Chem. 1974;20:470–475
  17. Boccolo G, David H. Quantitative determination of serum tryglicerides by use of enzymes. Clin Chem. 1973;19:476–482
  18. Assmann G, Shrlewer H, Schmitz G. Quantification of high density lipoprotein cholesterol by precipitation with phosphotungstic acid/MgCl2. Clin Chem. 1983;29:2026–2030
  19. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Frederickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifugue. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499–502
  20. Yücel I, Akar Y, Yücel G, et al. Effect of hypercholesterolemia on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in a rat model of elevated intraocular pressure. Vision Res. 2005;45:1107–1114
  21. Ong JM, Zorapapel NC, Rich KA, et al. Effects of cholesterol and apolipoprotein E on retinal abnormalities in ApoE-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42(8):1891–1900
  22. Boesze-Battaglia K, Albert AD. Cholesterol modulation of photoreceptor function in bovine retinal rod outer segments. J Biol Chem. 1990;265(34):20727–20730
  23. Hyman BT, Haimann MH, Armstrong ML, Spector AA. Fatty acid and lipid composition of the monkey retina in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 1981;40(3–4):321–328
  24. Tomida K, Tamai K, Matsuda Y, Matsubara A, Ogura Y. Hypercholesterolemia induces leukocyte entrapment in the retinal microcirculation of rats. Curr Eye Res. 2001;23(1):38–43
  25. Ikram MK, de Jong FJ, Vingerling JR, et al. Are retinal arteriolar or venular diameters associated with markers for cardiovascular disorders? The Rotterdam Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45(7):21–29
  26. Wong TY. Is retinal photography useful in the measurement of stroke risk?. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3:179–183
  27. Wong TY, Klein R, Nieto FJ, et al. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and 10-year cardiovascular mortality: a population-based case–control study. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:933–940
  28. Akarsu C, Yazici B, Taner P, Ergin A. Effects of moderate smoking on the central visual field. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 2004;82:432–435
  29. Hepsen IF, Evereklioglu C. Defective visual field tests in chronic heavy smokers. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2001;79:53–56

PII: S0021-9150(07)00054-8

doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.01.013

Atherosclerosis
Volume 195, Issue 1 , Pages e167-e171 , November 2007