Atherosclerosis
Volume 205, Issue 1 , Pages 151-155 , July 2009

Regression of Achilles tendon thickness after statin treatment in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: An ultrasonographic study

  • Sofia G. Tsouli

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
  • ,
  • Vasilios Xydis

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
  • ,
  • Maria I. Argyropoulou

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
  • ,
  • Alexandros D. Tselepis

      Affiliations

    • Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
  • ,
  • Moses Elisaf

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
  • ,
  • Dimitrios N. Kiortsis

      Affiliations

    • Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +30 2651 097551; fax: +30 2651 097850.

Received 12 August 2008 ,Revised 16 October 2008 ,Accepted 29 October 2008.

References 

  1. Tsouli SG, Kiortsis DN, Argyropoulou MI, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf MS. Pathogenesis, detection and treatment of Achilles tendon xanthomas. Eur J Clin Invest. 2005;35:236–244
  2. Kruth HS. Lipid deposition in human tendon xanthoma. Am J Pathol. 1985;121:311–315
  3. Hirobe K, Matsuzawa Y, Ishikawa K, et al. Coronary artery disease in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 1982;44:201–210
  4. Ferrieres J, Lambert J, Lussier-Cacan S, et al. Coronary artery disease in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients with the same LDL receptor gene mutation. Circulation. 1995;92:290–295
  5. Mabuchi H, Tatami R, Haba T, et al. Achilles tendon thickness and ischemic heart disease in familial hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism. 1978;27:1672–1679
  6. Regnstrom J, Walldius G, Nilsson S, et al. The effect of probucol on low density lipoprotein oxidation and femoral atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1996;125:217–229
  7. Johansson J, Olsson AG, Bergstrand L, et al. Lowering of HDL2b by probucol partly explains the failure of the drug to affect femoral atherosclerosis in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. A Probucol Quantitative Regression Swedish Trial (PQRST) Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;1:1049–1056
  8. Kajinami K, Nishitsuji M, Takeda Y, et al. Long-term probucol treatment results in regression of xanthomas, but in progression of coronary atherosclerosis in a heterozygous patient with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 1996;120:181–187
  9. Yamamoto A, Matsuzawa Y, Kishino B. Effects of probucol on homozygous cases of familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 1983;48:157–166
  10. Nakamura T, Ueyama Y, Funahashi T, et al. Non-macrophage-related accumulation of cholesterol during probucol treatment in familial hypercholesterolemia: report of two cases. Atherosclerosis. 1992;92:193–202
  11. Franceschini G, Sirtori M, Vaccarino V, et al. Mechanisms of HDL reduction after probucol Changes in HDL subfractions and increased reverse cholesteryl ester transfer. Arteriosclerosis. 1989;9:462–469
  12. Yamamoto A, Hara H, Takaichi S, et al. Effect of probucol on macrophages, leading to regression of xanthomas and atheromatous vascular lesions. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62:31B–36B
  13. Rouffy J, Chanu B, Bakir R, et al. Changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels and Achilles tendon diameters and indices in familial hypercholesterolaemic patients with tendinous xanthomatosis treated by diet and bezafibrate for 2 years. Curr Med Res Opin. 1988;11:123–132
  14. Muller DP, Pavlou C, Whitelaw AG, et al. The effect of pregnancy and two different contraceptive pills on serum lipids and lipoproteins in a woman with a type III hyperlipoproteinaemia pattern. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1978;85:127–133
  15. Illingworth DR, Cope R, Bacon SP. Regression of tendon xanthomas in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia treated with lovastatin. South Med J. 1990;83:1053–1057
  16. Lind S, Olsson AG, Eriksson M, Rudling M, Eggertsen G, Angelin B. Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolaemia: normalization of plasma LDL cholesterol by ezetimibe in combination with statin treatment. J Intern Med. 2004;256:406–412
  17. Steinmetz A, Schmitt W, Schuler P, et al. Ultrasonography of Achilles tendons in primary hypercholesterolemia. Comparison with computed tomography. Atherosclerosis. 1988;74:231–239
  18. Durrington PN, Adams JE, Beastall MD. The assessment of Achilles tendon size in primary hypercholesterolaemia by computed tomography. Atherosclerosis. 1982;45:345–358
  19. Bude RO, Adler RS, Bassett DR. Diagnosis of Achilles tendon xanthoma in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: MR vs. sonography. Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162:913–917
  20. Scheel AK, Schettler V, Koziolek M, et al. Impact of chronic LDL-apheresis treatment on Achilles tendon affection in patients with severe familial hypercholesterolemia: a clinical and ultrasonographic 3-year follow-up study. Atherosclerosis. 2004;174:133–139
  21. Valeo M, Dalla Vedova P, Di Giorgio L, Scarno AG, Giuliante A. The conservative treatment of xanthoma of the Achilles tendon in patients affected with type IIA hypercholesterolemia. Chir Organ Mov. 1996;8:303–310
  22. Hedman M, Matikainen T, Föhr A, et al. Efficacy and safety of pravastatin in children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a prospective clinical follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1942–1952
  23. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Schumacher MC, et al. Diagnosing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia using new practical criteria validated by molecular genetics. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:171–176
  24. Miltiadous G, Elisaf M, Bairaktari H, Xenophontos SL, Manoli P, Cariolou MA. Characterization and geographic distribution of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene mutations in northwestern Greece. Hum Mutat. 2001;5:432–433
  25. Tsimihodimos V, Karabina SA, Tambaki AP, et al. Atorvastatin preferentially reduces LDL-associated platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in dyslipidemias of type IIA and IIB. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:306–311
  26. Marie I, Delafenêtre H, Massy N, et al. Tendinous disorders attributed to statins: a study on ninety-six spontaneous reports in the period 1990–2005 and review of the literature. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(March (3)):367–372
  27. Inazu A, Koizumi J, Kajinami K, et al. Opposite effects on serum cholesteryl ester transfer protein levels between long-term treatments with pravastatin and probucol in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia and xanthoma. Atherosclerosis. 1999;145:405–413
  28. Ginsberg HN, Goldsmith SJ, Vallabhajosula S. Noninvasive imaging of 99mtechnetium-labeled low density lipoprotein uptake by tendon xanthomas in hypercholesterolemic patients. Arteriosclerosis. 1990;10:256–262
  29. Libby P. What have we learned about the biology of atherosclerosis? The role of inflammation. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:3J–6J
  30. Civeira F, Castillo S, Alonso R, et al. E. Tendon xanthomas in familial hypercholesterolemia are associated with cardiovascular risk independently of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene mutation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:1960–1965
  31. Tsouli SG, Kiortsis DN, Lourida ES, et al. Autoantibody titers against oxLDL are correlated with Achilles tendon thickness in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res. 2006;47:2208–2214
  32. Hata Y, Shigematsu H, Tsushima M, et al. Serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles in patients with xanthomas: a correlative study on xanthoma and atherosclerosis (I). Jpn Circ J. 1981;45:1236–1242
  33. Vermeer BJ, Mateysen AA, van Gent CM, et al. The lipid composition and localization of free and esterified cholesterol in different types of xanthomas. J Invest Dermatol. 1982;78:305–308
  34. Bhattacharyya AK, Connor WE, Mausolf FA, et al. Turnover of xanthoma cholesterol in hyperlipoproteinemia patients. J Lab Clin Med. 1976;87:503–518
  35. Kiortsis D, Argyropoulou MI, Tsouli SG, Xydis V, Elisaf M. Correlation of Achilles tendon thickness evaluated by ultrasonography with carotid intima-media thickness in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 2006;186:228–229

PII: S0021-9150(08)00774-0

doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.032

Atherosclerosis
Volume 205, Issue 1 , Pages 151-155 , July 2009