Atherosclerosis
Volume 210, Issue 2 , Pages 331-336 , June 2010

Coronary artery calcium and cardiovascular risk in diabetes

  • R.S. Elkeles

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +44 207 886 6037; fax: +44 207 886 1563.

Received 16 June 2009 ,Revised 17 November 2009 ,Accepted 18 November 2009.

References 

  1. Detrano R, Guerci AD, Carr JJ, et al. Coronary artery calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1336–1345
  2. Budoff MJ, Shaw LJ, Liu ST, et al. Long term prognosis associated with coronary calcification observations from a registry of 25253 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1860–1870
  3. ACCF/AHA 2007. Clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain. Circulation 2007;115:402–26.
  4. Pyörälä K, Laakso M. Macrovascular disease in diabetes. In:  Mann J,  Pyörälä K,  Teuscher A editor. Diabetes in Epidemiological Perspective: Churchill Livingstone. 1983;p. 183–247
  5. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GVH, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:383–393
  6. Laing SP, Swerdlow AJ, Slater SD, et al. Mortality from heart disease in a cohort of 23, 000 patients with insulin treated diabetes. Diabetologia. 2003;46:760–765
  7. Dorman JS, Laporte RE, Kuller LH, et al. The Pittsburgh insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) morbidity and mortality study: mortality results. Diabetes. 1984;33:271–276
  8. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2643–53.
  9. Stary HC. The sequence of cell and matrix changes in atherosclerotic lesions of coronary arteries in the first forty years of life. Eur Heart J. 1990;1(suppl E):3–19
  10. Wexler L, Brundage B, Crouse J, et al. Coronary artery calcification: pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging methods and clinical implications. Circulation. 1996;94:1175–1192
  11. Simons DB, Schwartz RS, Edwards WD, Sheedy PF, Breen JF. Non-invasive definition of anatomic coronary disease by ultrafast computed tomography: a quantitative pathologic comparison study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:1118–1126
  12. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M, Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;30:57–64
  13. Janowitz WR, Agatston AS, Kaplan G, Viamonte M. Differences in prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcium detected by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:247–254
  14. Lorial CM, Liu K, Lewis CE, et al. Early adult risk factor levels and subsequent coronary artery calcification study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:2013–2020
  15. Oei HHS, Vliegenthart R, Hofman A, Oudkerk M, Witteman JCM. Risk factors for coronary calcification in older subjects, The Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:48–55
  16. Hoff JA, Daviglus M, Chomka EV, Krainik AJ, Sevrukov A, Kondos GT. Conventional coronary artery disease risk factors and coronary artery calcium detected by electron beam tomography in 30,908 healthy individuals. Ann Epidemiol. 2003;13:163–169
  17. Simon A, Chironi G, Gariepy J, Del Pino M, Levenson J. Differences between markers of atherogenic lipoproteins in prediction high cardiovascular risk and subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic men. Atherosclerosis. 2005;179:339–344
  18. Reilly MP, Wolfe ML, Rhodes T, Girman C, Mehta N, Rader DJ. Measures of insulin resistance add incremental value to the clinical diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in association with coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2004;110:803–809
  19. Reilly MP, Wolfe ML, Localio R, Rader DJ. C-reactive protein and coronary artery calcification. The study of inherited risk of coronary atherosclerosis (SIRCA). ATVB. 2003;23:1851–1856
  20. Wolfe ML, Iqbal N, Gefter W, Mohler ER, Rader DJ, Reilly MP. Coronary artery calcification at electron beam tomography is incr3eased in asymptomatic type2 diabetics independent of traditional risk factors. J Cardiovasc Risk. 2002;9:369–376
  21. Mazzone T, Meyer PM, Kondos GT, et al. Relationship of traditional ands non-traditional risk cardiovascular factors to coronary artery calcium in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2007;56:849–855
  22. Anand DV, Lim E, Hopkins D, et al. Risk stratification in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes: prospective evaluation of the combined use of coronary artery calcium imaging and selective myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:713–721
  23. Elkeles RS, Feher MD, Flather MD, et al. The association of coronary calcium score and conventional cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes asymptomatic for coronary heart disease (The Predict Study). Diab Med. 2004;21:1129–1134
  24. Godsland IF, Elkeles RS, Feher MD, et al. Coronary calcification, homocysteine, C-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes. Diab Med. 2006;23:1192–1200
  25. Saremi A, Anderson RJ, Luo P, et al. Association between IL-6 and the extent of coronary atherosclerosis in the veterans affairs diabetes trial (VADT). Atherosclerosis. 2009;203:610–614
  26. Reaven PD, Emanuele N, Moritz T, et al. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:952–957
  27. Colhoun HM, Rubens MB, Underwood , Fuller JH. The effect of type1 diabetes mellitus on the gender difference in coronary artery calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:2160–2167
  28. Colhoun HM, Francis DP, Rubens MB, Underwood SR, Fuller JH. The association of heart rate variability with cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery calcification. Diabetes. 2001;24:1108–1114
  29. Dabalea D, Kinney G, Snell-Bergeon JK, et al. Effect of Type 1 diabetes on the gender difference in coronary artery calcification: a role for insulin resistance?. Diabetes. 2003;52:2833–2839
  30. Valabhji J, McColl AJ, Richmond W, Schachter M, Rubens MB, Elkeles RS. Total antioxidant status and coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1608–1613
  31. Cleary PA, Orchard TJ, Genuth S, et al. The effect of intensive glycaemic treatment on coronary artery calcification in Type 1 diabetic participants of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study. Diabetes. 2006;3556–3565
  32. Elkeles R. Computed tomography imaging, coronary calcium and atherosclerosis. Expert Rev-Expert Rev Cardiovascular Ther. 2008;6:1083–1093
  33. Raggi P, Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Callister TQ. Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium screening in subjects with and without diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1663–1669
  34. Elkeles RS, Godsland IF, Feher MD, et al. Coronary calcium measurement improves prediction of cardiovascular events in asymptomatic patients with Type 2 diabetes the PREDICT Study. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2244–2251
  35. Duckworth WC, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in Veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:129–139
  36. Reaven PD, Moritz TE, Schwenke DC, et al. Intensive glucose-lowering therapy reduces cardiovascular disease events in Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial. Participants with lower calcified coronary atherosclerosis. Diabetes. 2009;58:2642–2648
  37. Olson JC, Edmundowicz D, Becker DJ, Kuller LH, Orchard TJ. Coronary calcium in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2000;49:1571–1578
  38. Knez A, Becker C, Becker C, et al. Determination of coronary calcium with multi-slice spiral computed tomography: a comparative study with electron beam CT. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2002;18:295–303
  39. Stanford W, Thompson BH, Burns TL, Scott D, Heery RTR, Burr MC. Coronary artery calcium quantification at multi-detector row helical CT versus electron beam CT. Radiology. 2004;230:397–402
  40. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:229–234
  41. Juutilainenen A, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Type 2 diabetes as a ‘coronary heart disease equivalent’, An 18 year prospective population based study in Finnish subjects. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2901–2907
  42. Schraam TK, Gislason GH, Kober L, et al. Diabetes patients requiring glucose lowering therapy and non-diabetics with a prior myocardial infarction carry the same cardiovascular risk, A population study of 3. 3million people. Circulation. 2008;117:1945–1954
  43. Evans JMM, Wang J, Morris AD. Comparison of cardiovascular risk between patients with type 2 diabetes and those who had had a myocardial infarction: cross sectional and cohort studies. BMJ. 2002;324:939–943
  44. Bulugahapitiya U, Siyambalapitya S, Sithole J, Idris I. Is diabetes a coronary risk equivalent?, Systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2009;26:142–148

PII: S0021-9150(09)00983-6

doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.026

Atherosclerosis
Volume 210, Issue 2 , Pages 331-336 , June 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution