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Research Article| Volume 103, ISSUE 1, P43-54, October 1993

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Exogenous glucocorticoids increase macrophage secretion of apo E by cholesterol-independent pathways

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(93)90038-V
Exogenous glucocorticoids increase macrophage secretion of apo E by cholesterol-independent pathways
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      Abstract

      Macrophage apo E synthesis and secretion has been previously demonstrated to be regulated by intracellular free cholesterol levels and is decreased by cytokines and other inflammatory stimuli associated with macrophage activation. In a recent study, the opposing effects of TGFβ and GM-CSF were reported with the former increasing and the latter decreasing apo E secretion and apo E mRNA levels. In an attempt to further understand the mechanisms by which TGFβ increased apo E expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages, the present study was performed to determine whether pharmacological agents could up-regulate apo E secretion by a mechanism independent of intracellular free cholesterol levels. Agents which resulted in increased apo E secretion were subdivided based on their effects on cAMP elevation. In addition to TGFβ, dexamethasone resulted in significant increases in apo E secretion. The 2–4-fold enhancement in apo E secretion by both TGFβ and dexamethasone occurred without concomitant changes in intracellular cAMP or free cholesterol. Other agents which increased apo E secretion included cholera toxin and 8-bromocAMP. While these agents did not affect intracellular cholesterol levels, cholera toxin did increase macrophage cAMP. The changes in apo E secretion by dexamethasone and 8-bromo-cAMP were associated with elevations in apo E mRNA. Dexamethasone-treated macrophages had 6-fold increases in apo E mRNA by 48 h when compared with control macrophages. Macrophages stimulated with 8-bromo-cAMP for 48 h demonstrated a more modest but statistically significant (P < 0.001) 2.2-fold increase. Similar effects of dexamethasone, cholera toxin, TGFβ, and 8-bromo-cAMP on apo E secretion were also apparent in macrophage-derived foam cells. In addition to increasing apo E secretion in macrophages and foam cells, dexamethasone and 8-bromo-cAMP inhibited the down-regulation of apo E secretion mediated by LPS and GM-CSF. Finally, the increased apo E secretion by exogenous glucocorticoids or TGFβ was not species specific as similar effects were observed in rabbit peritoneal macrophages. Therefore, while macrophage activation results in decreased apo E synthesis, macrophages exposed to anti-inflammatory agents including dexamethasone, TGFβ, or following cAMP elevation demonstrate increased apo E secretion by a cholesterol-independent mechanism.

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      Article info

      Publication history

      Accepted: May 26, 1993
      Received in revised form: May 10, 1993
      Received: March 10, 1993

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(93)90038-V

      Copyright

      © 1993 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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