Abstract
High density lipoproteins (HDL) possess a number of physiological activities. The
most studied and, perhaps, better understood is the ability of HDL to promote excess
cholesterol efflux from peripheral tissues and transport to the liver for excretion,
a mechanism believed to confer protection against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
The ability of HDL to modulate cholesterol bioavailability in the lipid rafts, membrane
microdomains enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol, is evolutionary conserved
and affects the properties of cells involved in the innate and adaptive immune response,
tuning inflammatory response and antigen presentation functions in macrophages as
well as B and T cell activation. Also sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P), a major active
sphingolipid carried by HDL, is of relevance in the pathogenesis of several immuno-inflammatory
disorders through the modulation of macrophage and lymphocyte functions. Furthermore,
HDL influence the humoral innate immunity by modulating the activation of the complement
system and the expression of pentraxin 3 (PTX3). Finally, in humans, HDL levels and
functions are altered in several immune-mediated disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis,
systemic lupus eritematosus, Crohn's disease and multiple sclerosis as well as during
inflammatory responses.
Altogether these observations suggest that the effects of HDL in immunity could be
related, to either the ability of HDL to modulate cholesterol content in immune cell
lipid rafts and to their role as reservoir for several biologically active substances
that may impact the immune system.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: July 25, 2011
Accepted:
June 24,
2011
Received in revised form:
June 8,
2011
Received:
April 11,
2011
Identification
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© 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
