Highlights
- •SFA can trigger inflammatory pathways similarly to LPS.
- •SFA leads to gut microbiota modification and LPS overproduction.
- •Metabolic endotoxaemia induced by SFA raise the oxLDL and oxPL production.
- •Also SFA increases the lipemia and the oxLDL and mmLDL production.
- •Those molecules generated from SFA can induce the TLR4 inflammatory pathways.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) mediate infection-induced inflammation and sterile inflammation
by endogenous molecules. Among the TLR family, TLR4 is the best understood. However,
while its downstream signaling pathways have been well defined, not all ligands of
TLR4 are currently known. Current evidence suggests that saturated fatty acids (SFA)
act as non-microbial TLR4 agonists, and trigger its inflammatory response. Thus, our
present review provides a new perspective on the potential mechanism by which SFAs
could modulate TLR4-induced inflammatory responses: (1) SFAs can be recognized by
CD14-TLR4-MD2 complex and trigger inflammatory pathways, similar to lipopolysaccharide
(LPS). (2) SFAs lead to modification of gut microbiota with an overproduction of LPS
after a high-fat intake, enhancing this natural TLR4 ligand. (3) In addition, this
metabolic endotoxemia leads to an oxidative stress thereby producing atherogenic lipids
– oxLDL and oxidized phospholipids – which trigger CD36-TLR4-TLR6 inflammatory response.
(4) Also, the high SFA consumption increases the lipemia and the mmLDL and oxLDL formation
through oxidative modifications of LDL. The mmLDL, unlike oxLDL, is involved in activation
of the CD14-TLR4-MD2 inflammatory pathway. Those molecules can induce TLR4 inflammatory
response by MyD88-dependent and/or MyD88-independent pathways that, in turn, promotes
the expression of proinflammatory transcript factors such as factor nuclear kappa
B (NF-κB), which plays a crucial role in the induction of inflammatory mediators (cytokines,
chemokines, or costimulatory molecules) implicated in the development and progression
of many chronic diseases.
Keywords
Abbreviations used:
AKT (PKB – protein kinase B), ASC (apopto-sis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), CD14 (cluster of differentiation 14), CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36), COX2 (ciclo-oxigenase-2), DAMP (danger-associated molecular pattern), Gro 1 (Cxcl1 – chemokine (C-X-C Motif) ligand 1), IFN (type I interferon), IKK (IκB kinase), IL (interleukin), IRAK (IL-1R-associated kinase), IRF3 (interferon regulating factor 3), IκB (inhibitor of NF-κB), LBP (LPS-binding protein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), LPS (lipopolysaccharides), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), MCP1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), MD2 (myeloid differential protein-2), MIP (macrophage inflammatory protein), mmLDL (minimally modified low-density lipoprotein), MyD88 (myeloid differentiating primary response gene 88), NF-κB (factor nuclear kappa B), NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3), oxLDL (oxidize low density lipoprotein), oxPL (oxidize phospholipids), PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern), PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), PRR (pattern recognition receptors), PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid), RANTES (regulated on activation, normal t cell expressed and secreted), RIP1 (receptor-interacting protein 1), ROS (reactive oxygen species), SFA (saturated fatty acid), TAB1 (TGF-beta activated kinase 1/MAP3K7 binding protein 1), TAK1 (transforming growth factor-β-activate kinase), TBK1 (TRAF family member-associated NF- kB activator (TANK) binding kinase-1), TIR (toll-interleukin receptor), TIRAP (TIR domain containg adaptor protein), TLR (toll-like receptor), TNF (tumor necrosis factor), TRAF (TNF-receptor associated factor), TRAM (TRIF related adaptor molecule), TRIF (TIR domain–containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β), VCAM1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: November 20, 2015
Accepted:
November 16,
2015
Received in revised form:
October 16,
2015
Received:
August 20,
2015
Identification
Copyright
© 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
