Highlights
- •High menaquinone intake is associated with lower risk of peripheral arterial disease.
- •This association is stronger in hypertensive participants.
- •Phylloquinone intake is not associated with peripheral arterial disease.
Abstract
Background and aims
A high dietary intake of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin K2 (menaquinones)
is thought to decrease cardiovascular disease risk by reducing vascular calcification.
The objective of this study is to explore if there is a relationship between phylloquinone
and menaquinones intake and risk of PAD.
Methods
We investigated the association between intake of phylloquinone and menaquinones with
PAD in a prospective cohort with 36,629 participants. Occurrence of PAD was obtained
by linkage to national registries. Baseline intake of phylloquinone and menaquinones
was estimated using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Multivariate Cox regression
was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratio's for the association.
Results
During 12.1 years (standard deviation 2.1 years) of follow-up, 489 incident cases
of PAD were documented. Menaquinones intake was associated with a reduced risk of
PAD with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.71, 95% CI; 0.53–0.95 for the highest versus lowest quartile. A stronger association was observed (p interaction 0.0001) in participants with hypertension (HRQ4 versus Q1 0.59; 95% CI 0.39–0.87) or diabetes (HRQ4 versus Q1 0.56; 95% CI 0.18–1.91), though confidence intervals were wide in the small (n = 530)
diabetes stratum. Phylloquinone intake was not associated with PAD risk.
Conclusions
High intake of menaquinones was associated with a reduced risk of PAD, at least in
hypertensive participants. High intake of phylloquinone was not associated with a
reduced risk of PAD.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: July 22, 2016
Accepted:
July 21,
2016
Received in revised form:
July 20,
2016
Received:
September 8,
2015
Identification
Copyright
© 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
