Highlights
- •Adult health and disease are traced to fetal origins and early life factors.
- •Parental diet regulates epigenetic modification and the risk of metabolic disease in offspring.
- •Nutrient sensing of metabolic status and homeostasis is controlled centrally by the hypothalamus.
- •Hypothalamus interpret extracellular cues to control energy balance by regulating epigenetic information and gene expression.
Abstract
Time separates the past from the present, during this period memory are formed - written
in code and decoded to be read while other memories are erased - but when it comes
to the epigenome some memories are harder to forget than others. Recent studies show
chemical information is written in the context of the epigenome and codified on histone
and non-histone proteins to regulate nuclear processes such as gene transcription.
The genome is also subject to modification in the form of 5-methylcytosine, which
has been implicated in metabolic memory. In this review, we examine some of the chemical
modifications that signal early life events and explore epigenetic changes that underlie
the diabetic vasculature. The fine balance between past and present is discussed,
as it pertains to gestational diabetes and obesity in context to the Barker hypothesis.
We also examine emerging experimental evidence suggesting the hypothalamus as a central
regulator of obesity risk and explore current genomic medicine. As for how cells recall
specific chemical information, we examine the experimental evidence implicating chemical
cues on the epigenome, providing examples of diet during pregnancy and the increased
risk of disease in offspring.
Graphical abstract
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: September 04, 2017
Accepted:
September 1,
2017
Received in revised form:
July 26,
2017
Received:
April 16,
2017
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© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
